CVE-2026-98799
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
bpf: Skip detached progs in trampoline images that are still in use
bpf_tramp_image_put() makes sure a trampoline image is not freed while a task may still be running in it, but nothing similar is done for the progs called by that image. Detach drops the last prog reference right away and the prog is freed after grace periods, on the basis that a task still in the traced function skips the fexit progs once the nop at ip_after_call is patched to a jump.
That leaves out a task sleeping in a sleepable prog that runs before the detached one, which no grace period waits for:
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If S and P are fexit progs the task is already past the patched jump, and fentry only images don't have one. On x86 this is an int3 in poisoned bpf_prog_pack memory:
We hit this in production when progs attached through trampolines got detached while their hooks were busy, and it was independently found with a fuzzer and KASAN.
Have the JITs emit a patchable nop in front of each prog call sequence and record it in the image. When a prog is detached, patch its nop to a jump over the call sequence. Progs that stay attached keep running for the tasks that are in the image, and ip_after_call isn't needed anymore.
The task can be in any image that isn't freed yet, not only in the current one. It sleeps in image I1 that calls S, P and Q, then P is detached and the trampoline moves to image I2, then Q is detached and its call is still in I1. So the trampoline keeps a list of its images until they are freed, and detaching a prog patches its nop in all of them. Images hold a reference on the trampoline for that long.
On riscv and loongarch a jump of any range takes several instructions, and a task preempted in the middle of them could resume into half of the new sequence. The nop is a single instruction there, patched to a near branch through arch_bpf_trampoline_skip().
With the extra nops, BPF_MAX_TRAMP_LINKS progs no longer fit in a page on x86 and arm64 (and already didn't on powerpc), so lower the limit there like s390 does.
Technical details traces, logs and code from the original report
CPU 0 CPU 1
in image I, sleeping in prog S
detach P from I's trampoline
-> new image, bpf_tramp_image_put(I)
bpf_prog_put(P), last ref
grace periods, P freed
back from S
__bpf_prog_enter(P)
call P->bpf_func
Oops: int3: 0000 [#1] SMP NOPTI
CPU: 18 UID: 0 PID: 94573 Comm: x169 Not tainted 6.18.44 #1 PREEMPT(lazy)
RIP: 0010:0xffffffffc0601d8d
Call Trace:
<TASK>
? bpf_trampoline_6442515411+0x1a4/0x21b
bpf_lsm_bprm_committed_creds+0x5/0x10
security_bprm_committed_creds+0x5f/0x70
begin_new_exec+0x2d6/0x410
...CVSS
NVD hasn't assigned a CVSS score to this CVE (common since the April 2026 policy change).
Exploitation probability (EPSS)
- Probability of exploitation in the next 30 days
- 0.15 %
- Percentile among all scored CVEs
- 4
- Score date
- 10/20/2026
EPSS (Exploit Prediction Scoring System, FIRST) estimates how likely a vulnerability is to be exploited in the wild within 30 days. It complements CVSS (impact) and CISA KEV (confirmed exploitation).
Affected technologies (1)
⚠ AI-inferred from the description — NVD hasn't analyzed this CVE yet, these aren't verified CPEs.
References
Raw JSON (NVD)
Show
{
"id": "CVE-2026-98799",
"cveTags": [],
"metrics": {},
"affected": [
{
"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"affectedData": [
{
"repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git",
"vendor": "Linux",
"product": "Linux",
"versions": [
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "e21aa341785c679dd409c8cb71f864c00fe6c463",
"lessThan": "967566ad325b42150483e81acb09ea9d800c00b8",
"versionType": "git"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "e21aa341785c679dd409c8cb71f864c00fe6c463",
"lessThan": "17637e1a581a22466ac3620a91e099683ff9cc6f",
"versionType": "git"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "e21d2b92354b3cd25dd774ebb0f0e52ff04a7861",
"versionType": "git"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "85d177f56e5256e14b74a65940f981f6e3e8bb32",
"versionType": "git"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "5.10.28",
"lessThan": "5.11",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "5.11.11",
"lessThan": "5.12",
"versionType": "semver"
}
],
"programFiles": [
"arch/arm64/net/bpf_jit_comp.c",
"arch/loongarch/net/bpf_jit.c",
"arch/powerpc/net/bpf_jit_comp.c",
"arch/riscv/net/bpf_jit_comp64.c",
"arch/s390/net/bpf_jit_comp.c",
"arch/x86/net/bpf_jit_comp.c",
"include/linux/bpf.h",
"kernel/bpf/trampoline.c"
],
"defaultStatus": "unaffected"
},
{
"repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git",
"vendor": "Linux",
"product": "Linux",
"versions": [
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "5.12"
},
{
"status": "unaffected",
"version": "0",
"lessThan": "5.12",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"status": "unaffected",
"version": "7.2.10",
"versionType": "semver",
"lessThanOrEqual": "7.2.*"
},
{
"status": "unaffected",
"version": "7.3",
"versionType": "original_commit_for_fix",
"lessThanOrEqual": "*"
}
],
"programFiles": [
"arch/arm64/net/bpf_jit_comp.c",
"arch/loongarch/net/bpf_jit.c",
"arch/powerpc/net/bpf_jit_comp.c",
"arch/riscv/net/bpf_jit_comp64.c",
"arch/s390/net/bpf_jit_comp.c",
"arch/x86/net/bpf_jit_comp.c",
"include/linux/bpf.h",
"kernel/bpf/trampoline.c"
],
"defaultStatus": "affected"
}
]
}
],
"published": "2026-10-18T16:17:33.910",
"references": [
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/17637e1a581a22466ac3620a91e099683ff9cc6f",
"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/967566ad325b42150483e81acb09ea9d800c00b8",
"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67"
}
],
"vulnStatus": "Received",
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nbpf: Skip detached progs in trampoline images that are still in use\n\nbpf_tramp_image_put() makes sure a trampoline image is not freed while\na task may still be running in it, but nothing similar is done for the\nprogs called by that image. Detach drops the last prog reference right\naway and the prog is freed after grace periods, on the basis that a\ntask still in the traced function skips the fexit progs once the nop at\nip_after_call is patched to a jump.\n\nThat leaves out a task sleeping in a sleepable prog that runs before\nthe detached one, which no grace period waits for:\n\n CPU 0 CPU 1\n in image I, sleeping in prog S\n detach P from I's trampoline\n -> new image, bpf_tramp_image_put(I)\n bpf_prog_put(P), last ref\n grace periods, P freed\n back from S\n __bpf_prog_enter(P)\n call P->bpf_func\n\nIf S and P are fexit progs the task is already past the patched jump,\nand fentry only images don't have one. On x86 this is an int3 in\npoisoned bpf_prog_pack memory:\n\n Oops: int3: 0000 [#1] SMP NOPTI\n CPU: 18 UID: 0 PID: 94573 Comm: x169 Not tainted 6.18.44 #1 PREEMPT(lazy)\n RIP: 0010:0xffffffffc0601d8d\n Call Trace:\n <TASK>\n ? bpf_trampoline_6442515411+0x1a4/0x21b\n bpf_lsm_bprm_committed_creds+0x5/0x10\n security_bprm_committed_creds+0x5f/0x70\n begin_new_exec+0x2d6/0x410\n ...\n\nWe hit this in production when progs attached through trampolines got\ndetached while their hooks were busy, and it was independently found\nwith a fuzzer and KASAN.\n\nHave the JITs emit a patchable nop in front of each prog call sequence\nand record it in the image. When a prog is detached, patch its nop to a\njump over the call sequence. Progs that stay attached keep running for\nthe tasks that are in the image, and ip_after_call isn't needed anymore.\n\nThe task can be in any image that isn't freed yet, not only in the\ncurrent one. It sleeps in image I1 that calls S, P and Q, then P is\ndetached and the trampoline moves to image I2, then Q is detached and\nits call is still in I1. So the trampoline keeps a list of its images\nuntil they are freed, and detaching a prog patches its nop in all of\nthem. Images hold a reference on the trampoline for that long.\n\nOn riscv and loongarch a jump of any range takes several instructions,\nand a task preempted in the middle of them could resume into half of the\nnew sequence. The nop is a single instruction there, patched to a near\nbranch through arch_bpf_trampoline_skip().\n\nWith the extra nops, BPF_MAX_TRAMP_LINKS progs no longer fit in a page\non x86 and arm64 (and already didn't on powerpc), so lower the limit\nthere like s390 does."
}
],
"lastModified": "2026-10-19T10:19:43.933",
"sourceIdentifier": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67"
}