CVE-2026-28207

Estado: AnalizadaAlta (7.3)—

Zen C is a systems programming language that compiles to human-readable GNU C/C11. Prior to version 0.4.2, a command injection vulnerability (CWE-78) in the Zen C compiler allows local attackers to execute arbitrary shell commands by providing a specially crafted output filename via the `-o` command-line argument. The vulnerability existed in the `main` application logic (specifically in `src/main.c`), where the compiler constructed a shell command string to invoke the backend C compiler.

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This command string was built by concatenating various arguments, including the user-controlled output filename, and was subsequently executed using the `system()` function. Because `system()` invokes a shell to parse and execute the command, shell metacharacters within the output filename were interpreted by the shell, leading to arbitrary command execution. An attacker who can influence the command-line arguments passed to the `zc` compiler (like through a build script or a CI/CD pipeline configuration) can execute arbitrary commands with the privileges of the user running the compiler. The vulnerability has been fixed in version 0.4.2 by removing `system()` calls, implementing `ArgList`, and internal argument handling. Users are advised to update to Zen C version v0.4.2 or later.

CVSS

Versión: 3.1
Vector: CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Puntuación base: 7.3

Probabilidad de explotación (EPSS)

Probabilidad de explotación en los próximos 30 días: 1.14%
Percentil entre todas las CVEs puntuadas: 65
Fecha de la puntuación: 6/10/2026

EPSS (Exploit Prediction Scoring System, de FIRST) estima la probabilidad de que una vulnerabilidad sea explotada en 30 días. Complementa a CVSS (impacto) y a CISA KEV (explotación confirmada).

🎯 Técnicas ATT&CK

Cómo se explota esta vulnerabilidad y qué consigue el atacante, en el lenguaje de MITRE ATT&CK.

ExplotaciónT1203 Exploitation for Client Executionexecution85 %
Impacto principalT1059 Command and Scripting Interpreterexecution90 %
Impacto secundarioT1068 Exploitation for Privilege Escalationprivilege escalation70 %

AV:L + UI:R indica ejecución de código en cliente (abrir fichero preparado con argumento -o malformado); CWE-78 + system() confirma inyección de comandos shell; atacante obtiene ejecución de comandos y potencialmente privilegios del usuario compilador.

Inferido por nuestro agente de análisis a partir de la descripción oficial, el vector CVSS y la CWE, y comprobado por un supervisor. Puede contener errores.

🛡️ Mitigaciones ATT&CK que cubren estas técnicas

Execution Prevention Application Isolation and Sandboxing Exploit Protection Update Software Threat Intelligence Program Restrict Web-Based Content

Tecnologías afectadas (1)

Zenc-lang — ZEN C

CWE

CWE-78

Referencias

JSON original (NVD)

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      "value": "Zen C is a systems programming language that compiles to human-readable GNU C/C11. Prior to version 0.4.2, a command injection vulnerability (CWE-78) in the Zen C compiler allows local attackers to execute arbitrary shell commands by providing a specially crafted output filename via the `-o` command-line argument. The vulnerability existed in the `main` application logic (specifically in `src/main.c`), where the compiler constructed a shell command string to invoke the backend C compiler. This command string was built by concatenating various arguments, including the user-controlled output filename, and was subsequently executed using the `system()` function. Because `system()` invokes a shell to parse and execute the command, shell metacharacters within the output filename were interpreted by the shell, leading to arbitrary command execution. An attacker who can influence the command-line arguments passed to the `zc` compiler (like through a build script or a CI/CD pipeline configuration) can execute arbitrary commands with the privileges of the user running the compiler. The vulnerability has been fixed in version 0.4.2 by removing `system()` calls, implementing `ArgList`, and internal argument handling. Users are advised to update to Zen C version v0.4.2 or later."
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      "value": "Zen C es un lenguaje de programación de sistemas que compila a GNU C/C11 legible por humanos. Antes de la versión 0.4.2, una vulnerabilidad de inyección de comandos (CWE-78) en el compilador Zen C permite a atacantes locales ejecutar comandos de shell arbitrarios proporcionando un nombre de archivo de salida especialmente diseñado a través del argumento de línea de comandos '-o'. La vulnerabilidad existía en la lógica de la aplicación 'main' (específicamente en 'src/main.c'), donde el compilador construía una cadena de comandos de shell para invocar al compilador C de backend. Esta cadena de comandos se construía concatenando varios argumentos, incluyendo el nombre de archivo de salida controlado por el usuario, y posteriormente se ejecutaba usando la función 'system()'. Debido a que 'system()' invoca un shell para analizar y ejecutar el comando, los metacaracteres de shell dentro del nombre de archivo de salida eran interpretados por el shell, lo que llevaba a la ejecución arbitraria de comandos. Un atacante que puede influir en los argumentos de línea de comandos pasados al compilador 'zc' (como a través de un script de compilación o una configuración de pipeline de CI/CD) puede ejecutar comandos arbitrarios con los privilegios del usuario que ejecuta el compilador. La vulnerabilidad ha sido corregida en la versión 0.4.2 eliminando las llamadas a 'system()', implementando 'ArgList' y el manejo interno de argumentos. Se aconseja a los usuarios actualizar a la versión v0.4.2 de Zen C o posterior."
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