CVE-2025-38407
Estado: AnalizadaMedia (5.5)—
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
riscv: cpu_ops_sbi: Use static array for boot_data
Since commit 6b9f29b81b15 ("riscv: Enable pcpu page first chunk allocator"), if NUMA is enabled, the page percpu allocator may be used on very sparse configurations, or when requested on boot with percpu_alloc=page.
In that case, percpu data gets put in the vmalloc area. However, sbi_hsm_hart_start() needs the physical address of a sbi_hart_boot_data, and simply assumes that __pa() would work. This causes the just started hart to immediately access an invalid address and hang.
Fortunately, struct sbi_hart_boot_data is not too large, so we can simply allocate an array for boot_data statically, putting it in the kernel image.
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This fixes NUMA=y SMP boot on Sophgo SG2042.
To reproduce on QEMU: Set CONFIG_NUMA=y and CONFIG_DEBUG_VIRTUAL=y, then run with:
Kernel output:
Detalles técnicos trazas, registros y código del informe original
qemu-system-riscv64 -M virt -smp 2 -nographic \
-kernel arch/riscv/boot/Image \
-append "percpu_alloc=page"
[ 0.000000] Booting Linux on hartid 0
[ 0.000000] Linux version 6.16.0-rc1 (dram@sakuya) (riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-gcc (GCC) 14.2.1 20250322, GNU ld (GNU Binutils) 2.44) #11 SMP Tue Jun 24 14:56:22 CST 2025
...
[ 0.000000] percpu: 28 4K pages/cpu s85784 r8192 d20712
...
[ 0.083192] smp: Bringing up secondary CPUs ...
[ 0.086722] ------------[ cut here ]------------
[ 0.086849] virt_to_phys used for non-linear address: (____ptrval____) (0xff2000000001d080)
[ 0.088001] WARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 1 at arch/riscv/mm/physaddr.c:14 __virt_to_phys+0xae/0xe8
[ 0.088376] Modules linked in:
[ 0.088656] CPU: 0 UID: 0 PID: 1 Comm: swapper/0 Not tainted 6.16.0-rc1 #11 NONE
[ 0.088833] Hardware name: riscv-virtio,qemu (DT)
[ 0.088948] epc : __virt_to_phys+0xae/0xe8
[ 0.089001] ra : __virt_to_phys+0xae/0xe8
[ 0.089037] epc : ffffffff80021eaa ra : ffffffff80021eaa sp : ff2000000004bbc0
[ 0.089057] gp : ffffffff817f49c0 tp : ff60000001d60000 t0 : 5f6f745f74726976
[ 0.089076] t1 : 0000000000000076 t2 : 705f6f745f747269 s0 : ff2000000004bbe0
[ 0.089095] s1 : ff2000000001d080 a0 : 0000000000000000 a1 : 0000000000000000
[ 0.089113] a2 : 0000000000000000 a3 : 0000000000000000 a4 : 0000000000000000
[ 0.089131] a5 : 0000000000000000 a6 : 0000000000000000 a7 : 0000000000000000
[ 0.089155] s2 : ffffffff8130dc00 s3 : 0000000000000001 s4 : 0000000000000001
[ 0.089174] s5 : ffffffff8185eff8 s6 : ff2000007f1eb000 s7 : ffffffff8002a2ec
[ 0.089193] s8 : 0000000000000001 s9 : 0000000000000001 s10: 0000000000000000
[ 0.089211] s11: 0000000000000000 t3 : ffffffff8180a9f7 t4 : ffffffff8180a9f7
[ 0.089960] t5 : ffffffff8180a9f8 t6 : ff2000000004b9d8
[ 0.089984] status: 0000000200000120 badaddr: ffffffff80021eaa cause: 0000000000000003
[ 0.090101] [<ffffffff80021eaa>] __virt_to_phys+0xae/0xe8
[ 0.090228] [<ffffffff8001d796>] sbi_cpu_start+0x6e/0xe8
[ 0.090247] [<ffffffff8001a5da>] __cpu_up+0x1e/0x8c
[ 0.090260] [<ffffffff8002a32e>] bringup_cpu+0x42/0x258
[ 0.090277] [<ffffffff8002914c>] cpuhp_invoke_callback+0xe0/0x40c
[ 0.090292] [<ffffffff800294e0>] __cpuhp_invoke_callback_range+0x68/0xfc
[ 0.090320] [<ffffffff8002a96a>] _cpu_up+0x11a/0x244
[ 0.090334] [<ffffffff8002aae6>] cpu_up+0x52/0x90
[ 0.090384] [<ffffffff80c09350>] bringup_nonboot_cpus+0x78/0x118
[ 0.090411] [<ffffffff80c11060>] smp_init+0x34/0xb8
[ 0.090425] [<ffffffff80c01220>] kernel_init_freeable+0x148/0x2e4
[ 0.090442] [<ffffffff80b83802>] kernel_init+0x1e/0x14c
[ 0.090455] [<ffffffff800124ca>] ret_from_fork_kernel+0xe/0xf0
[ 0.090471] [<ffffffff80b8d9c2>] ret_from_fork_kernel_asm+0x16/0x18
[ 0.090560] ---[ end trace 0000000000000000 ]---
[ 1.179875] CPU1: failed to come online
[ 1.190324] smp: Brought up 1 node, 1 CPUCVSS
- Versión: 3.1
- Vector: CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
- Puntuación base: 5.5
Probabilidad de explotación (EPSS)
- Probabilidad de explotación en los próximos 30 días: 0.16%
- Percentil entre todas las CVEs puntuadas: 5
- Fecha de la puntuación: 6/10/2026
EPSS (Exploit Prediction Scoring System, de FIRST) estima la probabilidad de que una vulnerabilidad sea explotada en 30 días. Complementa a CVSS (impacto) y a CISA KEV (explotación confirmada).
Tecnologías afectadas (1)
CWE
- NVD-CWE-noinfo
Referencias
JSON original (NVD)
Mostrar
{
"id": "CVE-2025-38407",
"cveTags": [],
"metrics": {
"cvssMetricV31": [
{
"type": "Primary",
"source": "nvd@nist.gov",
"cvssData": {
"scope": "UNCHANGED",
"version": "3.1",
"baseScore": 5.5,
"attackVector": "LOCAL",
"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"integrityImpact": "NONE",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"attackComplexity": "LOW",
"availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
"privilegesRequired": "LOW",
"confidentialityImpact": "NONE"
},
"impactScore": 3.6,
"exploitabilityScore": 1.8
}
]
},
"affected": [
{
"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"affectedData": [
{
"repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git",
"vendor": "Linux",
"product": "Linux",
"versions": [
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "6b9f29b81b155af023da95f560f738f29722b306",
"lessThan": "f5fe094f35a37adea40b2fd52c99bb1333be9b07",
"versionType": "git"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "6b9f29b81b155af023da95f560f738f29722b306",
"lessThan": "02c725cd55eb5052b88eeaa3f60a391ef4dcaec5",
"versionType": "git"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "6b9f29b81b155af023da95f560f738f29722b306",
"lessThan": "2b29be967ae456fc09c320d91d52278cf721be1e",
"versionType": "git"
}
],
"programFiles": [
"arch/riscv/kernel/cpu_ops_sbi.c"
],
"defaultStatus": "unaffected"
},
{
"repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git",
"vendor": "Linux",
"product": "Linux",
"versions": [
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "6.8"
},
{
"status": "unaffected",
"version": "0",
"lessThan": "6.8",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"status": "unaffected",
"version": "6.12.37",
"versionType": "semver",
"lessThanOrEqual": "6.12.*"
},
{
"status": "unaffected",
"version": "6.15.6",
"versionType": "semver",
"lessThanOrEqual": "6.15.*"
},
{
"status": "unaffected",
"version": "6.16",
"versionType": "original_commit_for_fix",
"lessThanOrEqual": "*"
}
],
"programFiles": [
"arch/riscv/kernel/cpu_ops_sbi.c"
],
"defaultStatus": "affected"
}
]
}
],
"published": "2025-07-25T14:15:32.317",
"references": [
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/02c725cd55eb5052b88eeaa3f60a391ef4dcaec5",
"tags": [
"Patch"
],
"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/2b29be967ae456fc09c320d91d52278cf721be1e",
"tags": [
"Patch"
],
"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f5fe094f35a37adea40b2fd52c99bb1333be9b07",
"tags": [
"Patch"
],
"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67"
}
],
"vulnStatus": "Analyzed",
"weaknesses": [
{
"type": "Primary",
"source": "nvd@nist.gov",
"description": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "NVD-CWE-noinfo"
}
]
}
],
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nriscv: cpu_ops_sbi: Use static array for boot_data\n\nSince commit 6b9f29b81b15 (\"riscv: Enable pcpu page first chunk\nallocator\"), if NUMA is enabled, the page percpu allocator may be used\non very sparse configurations, or when requested on boot with\npercpu_alloc=page.\n\nIn that case, percpu data gets put in the vmalloc area. However,\nsbi_hsm_hart_start() needs the physical address of a sbi_hart_boot_data,\nand simply assumes that __pa() would work. This causes the just started\nhart to immediately access an invalid address and hang.\n\nFortunately, struct sbi_hart_boot_data is not too large, so we can\nsimply allocate an array for boot_data statically, putting it in the\nkernel image.\n\nThis fixes NUMA=y SMP boot on Sophgo SG2042.\n\nTo reproduce on QEMU: Set CONFIG_NUMA=y and CONFIG_DEBUG_VIRTUAL=y, then\nrun with:\n\n qemu-system-riscv64 -M virt -smp 2 -nographic \\\n -kernel arch/riscv/boot/Image \\\n -append \"percpu_alloc=page\"\n\nKernel output:\n\n[ 0.000000] Booting Linux on hartid 0\n[ 0.000000] Linux version 6.16.0-rc1 (dram@sakuya) (riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-gcc (GCC) 14.2.1 20250322, GNU ld (GNU Binutils) 2.44) #11 SMP Tue Jun 24 14:56:22 CST 2025\n...\n[ 0.000000] percpu: 28 4K pages/cpu s85784 r8192 d20712\n...\n[ 0.083192] smp: Bringing up secondary CPUs ...\n[ 0.086722] ------------[ cut here ]------------\n[ 0.086849] virt_to_phys used for non-linear address: (____ptrval____) (0xff2000000001d080)\n[ 0.088001] WARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 1 at arch/riscv/mm/physaddr.c:14 __virt_to_phys+0xae/0xe8\n[ 0.088376] Modules linked in:\n[ 0.088656] CPU: 0 UID: 0 PID: 1 Comm: swapper/0 Not tainted 6.16.0-rc1 #11 NONE\n[ 0.088833] Hardware name: riscv-virtio,qemu (DT)\n[ 0.088948] epc : __virt_to_phys+0xae/0xe8\n[ 0.089001] ra : __virt_to_phys+0xae/0xe8\n[ 0.089037] epc : ffffffff80021eaa ra : ffffffff80021eaa sp : ff2000000004bbc0\n[ 0.089057] gp : ffffffff817f49c0 tp : ff60000001d60000 t0 : 5f6f745f74726976\n[ 0.089076] t1 : 0000000000000076 t2 : 705f6f745f747269 s0 : ff2000000004bbe0\n[ 0.089095] s1 : ff2000000001d080 a0 : 0000000000000000 a1 : 0000000000000000\n[ 0.089113] a2 : 0000000000000000 a3 : 0000000000000000 a4 : 0000000000000000\n[ 0.089131] a5 : 0000000000000000 a6 : 0000000000000000 a7 : 0000000000000000\n[ 0.089155] s2 : ffffffff8130dc00 s3 : 0000000000000001 s4 : 0000000000000001\n[ 0.089174] s5 : ffffffff8185eff8 s6 : ff2000007f1eb000 s7 : ffffffff8002a2ec\n[ 0.089193] s8 : 0000000000000001 s9 : 0000000000000001 s10: 0000000000000000\n[ 0.089211] s11: 0000000000000000 t3 : ffffffff8180a9f7 t4 : ffffffff8180a9f7\n[ 0.089960] t5 : ffffffff8180a9f8 t6 : ff2000000004b9d8\n[ 0.089984] status: 0000000200000120 badaddr: ffffffff80021eaa cause: 0000000000000003\n[ 0.090101] [<ffffffff80021eaa>] __virt_to_phys+0xae/0xe8\n[ 0.090228] [<ffffffff8001d796>] sbi_cpu_start+0x6e/0xe8\n[ 0.090247] [<ffffffff8001a5da>] __cpu_up+0x1e/0x8c\n[ 0.090260] [<ffffffff8002a32e>] bringup_cpu+0x42/0x258\n[ 0.090277] [<ffffffff8002914c>] cpuhp_invoke_callback+0xe0/0x40c\n[ 0.090292] [<ffffffff800294e0>] __cpuhp_invoke_callback_range+0x68/0xfc\n[ 0.090320] [<ffffffff8002a96a>] _cpu_up+0x11a/0x244\n[ 0.090334] [<ffffffff8002aae6>] cpu_up+0x52/0x90\n[ 0.090384] [<ffffffff80c09350>] bringup_nonboot_cpus+0x78/0x118\n[ 0.090411] [<ffffffff80c11060>] smp_init+0x34/0xb8\n[ 0.090425] [<ffffffff80c01220>] kernel_init_freeable+0x148/0x2e4\n[ 0.090442] [<ffffffff80b83802>] kernel_init+0x1e/0x14c\n[ 0.090455] [<ffffffff800124ca>] ret_from_fork_kernel+0xe/0xf0\n[ 0.090471] [<ffffffff80b8d9c2>] ret_from_fork_kernel_asm+0x16/0x18\n[ 0.090560] ---[ end trace 0000000000000000 ]---\n[ 1.179875] CPU1: failed to come online\n[ 1.190324] smp: Brought up 1 node, 1 CPU"
},
{
"lang": "es",
"value": "En el kernel de Linux, se ha resuelto la siguiente vulnerabilidad: riscv: cpu_ops_sbi: Usar una matriz estática para boot_data. Desde el commit 6b9f29b81b15 (\"riscv: Habilitar el asignador de primer fragmento de página pcpu\"), si NUMA está habilitado, el asignador de páginas por CPU puede usarse en configuraciones muy dispersas o cuando se solicita al arrancar con percpu_alloc=page. En ese caso, los datos por CPU se colocan en el área vmalloc. Sin embargo, sbi_hsm_hart_start() necesita la dirección física de sbi_hart_boot_data y simplemente asume que __pa() funcionaría. Esto provoca que el hart recién iniciado acceda inmediatamente a una dirección no válida y se cuelgue. Afortunadamente, la estructura sbi_hart_boot_data no es demasiado grande, por lo que podemos asignar una matriz estáticamente para boot_data, colocándola en la imagen del kernel. Esto soluciona el problema del arranque SMP con NUMA=y en Sophgo SG2042. Para reproducir en QEMU: Establezca CONFIG_NUMA=y y CONFIG_DEBUG_VIRTUAL=y, luego ejecute con: qemu-system-riscv64 -M virt -smp 2 -nographic \\ -kernel arch/riscv/boot/Image \\ -append \"percpu_alloc=page\" Salida del kernel: [ 0.000000] Booting Linux on hartid 0 [ 0.000000] Linux version 6.16.0-rc1 (dram@sakuya) (riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-gcc (GCC) 14.2.1 20250322, GNU ld (GNU Binutils) 2.44) #11 SMP Tue Jun 24 14:56:22 CST 2025 ... [ 0.000000] percpu: 28 4K pages/cpu s85784 r8192 d20712 ... [ 0.083192] smp: Bringing up secondary CPUs ... [ 0.086722] ------------[ cut here ]------------ [ 0.086849] virt_to_phys used for non-linear address: (____ptrval____) (0xff2000000001d080) [ 0.088001] WARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 1 at arch/riscv/mm/physaddr.c:14 __virt_to_phys+0xae/0xe8 [ 0.088376] Modules linked in: [ 0.088656] CPU: 0 UID: 0 PID: 1 Comm: swapper/0 Not tainted 6.16.0-rc1 #11 NONE [ 0.088833] Hardware name: riscv-virtio,qemu (DT) [ 0.088948] epc : __virt_to_phys+0xae/0xe8 [ 0.089001] ra : __virt_to_phys+0xae/0xe8 [ 0.089037] epc : ffffffff80021eaa ra : ffffffff80021eaa sp : ff2000000004bbc0 [ 0.089057] gp : ffffffff817f49c0 tp : ff60000001d60000 t0 : 5f6f745f74726976 [ 0.089076] t1 : 0000000000000076 t2 : 705f6f745f747269 s0 : ff2000000004bbe0 [ 0.089095] s1 : ff2000000001d080 a0 : 0000000000000000 a1 : 0000000000000000 [ 0.089113] a2 : 0000000000000000 a3 : 0000000000000000 a4 : 0000000000000000 [ 0.089131] a5 : 0000000000000000 a6 : 0000000000000000 a7 : 0000000000000000 [ 0.089155] s2 : ffffffff8130dc00 s3 : 0000000000000001 s4 : 0000000000000001 [ 0.089174] s5 : ffffffff8185eff8 s6 : ff2000007f1eb000 s7 : ffffffff8002a2ec [ 0.089193] s8 : 0000000000000001 s9 : 0000000000000001 s10: 0000000000000000 [ 0.089211] s11: 0000000000000000 t3 : ffffffff8180a9f7 t4 : ffffffff8180a9f7 [ 0.089960] t5 : ffffffff8180a9f8 t6 : ff2000000004b9d8 [ 0.089984] status: 0000000200000120 badaddr: ffffffff80021eaa cause: 0000000000000003 [ 0.090101] [] __virt_to_phys+0xae/0xe8 [ 0.090228] [] sbi_cpu_start+0x6e/0xe8 [ 0.090247] [] __cpu_up+0x1e/0x8c [ 0.090260] [] bringup_cpu+0x42/0x258 [ 0.090277] [] cpuhp_invoke_callback+0xe0/0x40c [ 0.090292] [] __cpuhp_invoke_callback_range+0x68/0xfc [ 0.090320] [] _cpu_up+0x11a/0x244 [ 0.090334] [] cpu_up+0x52/0x90 [ 0.090384] [] bringup_nonboot_cpus+0x78/0x118 [ 0.090411] [] smp_init+0x34/0xb8 [ 0.090425] [] kernel_init_freeable+0x148/0x2e4 [ 0.090442] [] kernel_init+0x1e/0x14c [ 0.090455] [] ret_from_fork_kernel+0xe/0xf0 [ 0.090471] [] ret_from_fork_kernel_asm+0x16/0x18 [ 0.090560] ---[ end trace 0000000000000000 ]--- [ 1.179875] CPU1: failed to come online [ 1.190324] smp: Brought up 1 node, 1 CPU"
}
],
"lastModified": "2026-06-17T09:16:47.963",
"configurations": [
{
"nodes": [
{
"negate": false,
"cpeMatch": [
{
"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
"vulnerable": true,
"matchCriteriaId": "366673BD-D793-4DB6-9C97-ADF13DFEBA1F",
"versionEndExcluding": "6.12.37",
"versionStartIncluding": "6.8"
},
{
"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
"vulnerable": true,
"matchCriteriaId": "6E0BB4E0-44BC-4645-83A8-6EA232CE624C",
"versionEndExcluding": "6.15.6",
"versionStartIncluding": "6.13"
},
{
"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.16:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*",
"vulnerable": true,
"matchCriteriaId": "6D4894DB-CCFE-4602-B1BF-3960B2E19A01"
},
{
"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.16:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*",
"vulnerable": true,
"matchCriteriaId": "09709862-E348-4378-8632-5A7813EDDC86"
},
{
"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.16:rc3:*:*:*:*:*:*",
"vulnerable": true,
"matchCriteriaId": "415BF58A-8197-43F5-B3D7-D1D63057A26E"
},
{
"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.16:rc4:*:*:*:*:*:*",
"vulnerable": true,
"matchCriteriaId": "A0517869-312D-4429-80C2-561086E1421C"
}
],
"operator": "OR"
}
]
}
],
"sourceIdentifier": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67"
}