CVE-2025-23135

Status: AnalyzedMedium (5.5)—

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

RISC-V: KVM: Teardown riscv specific bits after kvm_exit

During a module removal, kvm_exit invokes arch specific disable call which disables AIA. However, we invoke aia_exit before kvm_exit resulting in the following warning. KVM kernel module can't be inserted afterwards due to inconsistent state of IRQ.

Invoke aia_exit and other arch specific cleanup functions after kvm_exit so that disable gets a chance to be called first before exit.

Technical details traces, logs and code from the original report

[25469.031389] percpu IRQ 31 still enabled on CPU0!
[25469.031732] WARNING: CPU: 3 PID: 943 at kernel/irq/manage.c:2476 __free_percpu_irq+0xa2/0x150
[25469.031804] Modules linked in: kvm(-)
[25469.031848] CPU: 3 UID: 0 PID: 943 Comm: rmmod Not tainted 6.14.0-rc5-06947-g91c763118f47-dirty #2
[25469.031905] Hardware name: riscv-virtio,qemu (DT)
[25469.031928] epc : __free_percpu_irq+0xa2/0x150
[25469.031976]  ra : __free_percpu_irq+0xa2/0x150
[25469.032197] epc : ffffffff8007db1e ra : ffffffff8007db1e sp : ff2000000088bd50
[25469.032241]  gp : ffffffff8131cef8 tp : ff60000080b96400 t0 : ff2000000088baf8
[25469.032285]  t1 : fffffffffffffffc t2 : 5249207570637265 s0 : ff2000000088bd90
[25469.032329]  s1 : ff60000098b21080 a0 : 037d527a15eb4f00 a1 : 037d527a15eb4f00
[25469.032372]  a2 : 0000000000000023 a3 : 0000000000000001 a4 : ffffffff8122dbf8
[25469.032410]  a5 : 0000000000000fff a6 : 0000000000000000 a7 : ffffffff8122dc10
[25469.032448]  s2 : ff60000080c22eb0 s3 : 0000000200000022 s4 : 000000000000001f
[25469.032488]  s5 : ff60000080c22e00 s6 : ffffffff80c351c0 s7 : 0000000000000000
[25469.032582]  s8 : 0000000000000003 s9 : 000055556b7fb490 s10: 00007ffff0e12fa0
[25469.032621]  s11: 00007ffff0e13e9a t3 : ffffffff81354ac7 t4 : ffffffff81354ac7
[25469.032664]  t5 : ffffffff81354ac8 t6 : ffffffff81354ac7
[25469.032698] status: 0000000200000100 badaddr: ffffffff8007db1e cause: 0000000000000003
[25469.032738] [<ffffffff8007db1e>] __free_percpu_irq+0xa2/0x150
[25469.032797] [<ffffffff8007dbfc>] free_percpu_irq+0x30/0x5e
[25469.032856] [<ffffffff013a57dc>] kvm_riscv_aia_exit+0x40/0x42 [kvm]
[25469.033947] [<ffffffff013b4e82>] cleanup_module+0x10/0x32 [kvm]
[25469.035300] [<ffffffff8009b150>] __riscv_sys_delete_module+0x18e/0x1fc
[25469.035374] [<ffffffff8000c1ca>] syscall_handler+0x3a/0x46
[25469.035456] [<ffffffff809ec9a4>] do_trap_ecall_u+0x72/0x134
[25469.035536] [<ffffffff809f5e18>] handle_exception+0x148/0x156

CVSS

Version: 3.1
Vector: CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Base score: 5.5

Exploitation probability (EPSS)

Probability of exploitation in the next 30 days: 0.18%
Percentile among all scored CVEs: 7
Score date: 10/6/2026

EPSS (Exploit Prediction Scoring System, FIRST) estimates how likely a vulnerability is to be exploited in the wild within 30 days. It complements CVSS (impact) and CISA KEV (confirmed exploitation).

Affected technologies (1)

Linux — Linux Kernel

CWEs

NVD-CWE-noinfo

References

Raw JSON (NVD)

Show

{
  "id": "CVE-2025-23135",
  "cveTags": [],
  "metrics": {
    "cvssMetricV31": [
      {
        "type": "Primary",
        "source": "nvd@nist.gov",
        "cvssData": {
          "scope": "UNCHANGED",
          "version": "3.1",
          "baseScore": 5.5,
          "attackVector": "LOCAL",
          "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
          "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
          "integrityImpact": "NONE",
          "userInteraction": "NONE",
          "attackComplexity": "LOW",
          "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
          "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
          "confidentialityImpact": "NONE"
        },
        "impactScore": 3.6,
        "exploitabilityScore": 1.8
      }
    ]
  },
  "affected": [
    {
      "source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
      "affectedData": [
        {
          "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git",
          "vendor": "Linux",
          "product": "Linux",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "54e43320c2ba0c70258a3aea690da38c6ea3293c",
              "lessThan": "1edb2de48616b11ee05e9a65d74c70abcb6d9939",
              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "54e43320c2ba0c70258a3aea690da38c6ea3293c",
              "lessThan": "1521cc04f0b6e737ff30105aa57fa9dde8493231",
              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "54e43320c2ba0c70258a3aea690da38c6ea3293c",
              "lessThan": "2d117e67f318303f6ab699a5511d1fac3f170545",
              "versionType": "git"
            }
          ],
          "programFiles": [
            "arch/riscv/kvm/main.c"
          ],
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected"
        },
        {
          "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git",
          "vendor": "Linux",
          "product": "Linux",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "6.4"
            },
            {
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "0",
              "lessThan": "6.4",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.13.11",
              "versionType": "semver",
              "lessThanOrEqual": "6.13.*"
            },
            {
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.14.2",
              "versionType": "semver",
              "lessThanOrEqual": "6.14.*"
            },
            {
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.15",
              "versionType": "original_commit_for_fix",
              "lessThanOrEqual": "*"
            }
          ],
          "programFiles": [
            "arch/riscv/kvm/main.c"
          ],
          "defaultStatus": "affected"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "published": "2025-04-16T15:16:07.883",
  "references": [
    {
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/1521cc04f0b6e737ff30105aa57fa9dde8493231",
      "tags": [
        "Patch"
      ],
      "source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/1edb2de48616b11ee05e9a65d74c70abcb6d9939",
      "tags": [
        "Patch"
      ],
      "source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/2d117e67f318303f6ab699a5511d1fac3f170545",
      "tags": [
        "Patch"
      ],
      "source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67"
    }
  ],
  "vulnStatus": "Analyzed",
  "weaknesses": [
    {
      "type": "Primary",
      "source": "nvd@nist.gov",
      "description": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "NVD-CWE-noinfo"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "descriptions": [
    {
      "lang": "en",
      "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nRISC-V: KVM: Teardown riscv specific bits after kvm_exit\n\nDuring a module removal, kvm_exit invokes arch specific disable\ncall which disables AIA. However, we invoke aia_exit before kvm_exit\nresulting in the following warning. KVM kernel module can't be inserted\nafterwards due to inconsistent state of IRQ.\n\n[25469.031389] percpu IRQ 31 still enabled on CPU0!\n[25469.031732] WARNING: CPU: 3 PID: 943 at kernel/irq/manage.c:2476 __free_percpu_irq+0xa2/0x150\n[25469.031804] Modules linked in: kvm(-)\n[25469.031848] CPU: 3 UID: 0 PID: 943 Comm: rmmod Not tainted 6.14.0-rc5-06947-g91c763118f47-dirty #2\n[25469.031905] Hardware name: riscv-virtio,qemu (DT)\n[25469.031928] epc : __free_percpu_irq+0xa2/0x150\n[25469.031976]  ra : __free_percpu_irq+0xa2/0x150\n[25469.032197] epc : ffffffff8007db1e ra : ffffffff8007db1e sp : ff2000000088bd50\n[25469.032241]  gp : ffffffff8131cef8 tp : ff60000080b96400 t0 : ff2000000088baf8\n[25469.032285]  t1 : fffffffffffffffc t2 : 5249207570637265 s0 : ff2000000088bd90\n[25469.032329]  s1 : ff60000098b21080 a0 : 037d527a15eb4f00 a1 : 037d527a15eb4f00\n[25469.032372]  a2 : 0000000000000023 a3 : 0000000000000001 a4 : ffffffff8122dbf8\n[25469.032410]  a5 : 0000000000000fff a6 : 0000000000000000 a7 : ffffffff8122dc10\n[25469.032448]  s2 : ff60000080c22eb0 s3 : 0000000200000022 s4 : 000000000000001f\n[25469.032488]  s5 : ff60000080c22e00 s6 : ffffffff80c351c0 s7 : 0000000000000000\n[25469.032582]  s8 : 0000000000000003 s9 : 000055556b7fb490 s10: 00007ffff0e12fa0\n[25469.032621]  s11: 00007ffff0e13e9a t3 : ffffffff81354ac7 t4 : ffffffff81354ac7\n[25469.032664]  t5 : ffffffff81354ac8 t6 : ffffffff81354ac7\n[25469.032698] status: 0000000200000100 badaddr: ffffffff8007db1e cause: 0000000000000003\n[25469.032738] [<ffffffff8007db1e>] __free_percpu_irq+0xa2/0x150\n[25469.032797] [<ffffffff8007dbfc>] free_percpu_irq+0x30/0x5e\n[25469.032856] [<ffffffff013a57dc>] kvm_riscv_aia_exit+0x40/0x42 [kvm]\n[25469.033947] [<ffffffff013b4e82>] cleanup_module+0x10/0x32 [kvm]\n[25469.035300] [<ffffffff8009b150>] __riscv_sys_delete_module+0x18e/0x1fc\n[25469.035374] [<ffffffff8000c1ca>] syscall_handler+0x3a/0x46\n[25469.035456] [<ffffffff809ec9a4>] do_trap_ecall_u+0x72/0x134\n[25469.035536] [<ffffffff809f5e18>] handle_exception+0x148/0x156\n\nInvoke aia_exit and other arch specific cleanup functions after kvm_exit\nso that disable gets a chance to be called first before exit."
    },
    {
      "lang": "es",
      "value": "En el kernel de Linux, se ha resuelto la siguiente vulnerabilidad: RISC-V: KVM: Desmontaje de bits específicos de RISCV después de kvm_exit. Durante la eliminación de un módulo, kvm_exit invoca una llamada de desactivación específica de la arquitectura, que deshabilita AIA. Sin embargo, al invocar aia_exit antes de kvm_exit, se genera la siguiente advertencia. El módulo del kernel KVM no se puede insertar posteriormente debido a un estado inconsistente de IRQ. [25469.031389] ¡IRQ 31 por CPU sigue habilitado en CPU0! [25469.031732] ADVERTENCIA: CPU: 3 PID: 943 en kernel/irq/manage.c:2476 __free_percpu_irq+0xa2/0x150 [25469.031804] Módulos vinculados: kvm(-) [25469.031848] CPU: 3 UID: 0 PID: 943 Comm: rmmod No contaminado 6.14.0-rc5-06947-g91c763118f47-dirty #2 [25469.031905] Nombre del hardware: riscv-virtio,qemu (DT) [25469.031928] epc : __free_percpu_irq+0xa2/0x150 [25469.031976] ra : __free_percpu_irq+0xa2/0x150 [25469.032197] epc : ffffffff8007db1e ra : ffffffff8007db1e sp : ff2000000088bd50 [25469.032241] gp : ffffffff8131cef8 tp : ff60000080b96400 t0 : ff2000000088baf8 [25469.032285] t1 : fffffffffffffffc t2 : 5249207570637265 s0 : ff2000000088bd90 [25469.032329] s1: ff60000098b21080 a0: 037d527a15eb4f00 a1: 037d527a15eb4f00 [25469.032372] a2: 0000000000000023 a3: 0000000000000001 a4 : ffffffff8122dbf8 [25469.032410] a5 : 0000000000000fff a6 : 00000000000000000 a7 : ffffffff8122dc10 [25469.032448] s2 : ff60000080c22eb0 s3: 0000000200000022 s4: 000000000000001f [25469.032488] s5: ff60000080c22e00 s6: ffffffff80c351c0 s7: 0000000000000000 [25469.032582] s8: 0000000000000003 s9: 000055556b7fb490 s10: 00007ffff0e12fa0 [25469.032621] s11: 00007ffff0e13e9a t3: ffffffff81354ac7 t4: ffffffff81354ac7 [25469.032664] t5: ffffffff81354ac8 t6: ffffffff81354ac7 [25469.032698] estado: 0000000200000100 dirección incorrecta: ffffffff8007db1e causa: 0000000000000003 [25469.032738] [] __free_percpu_irq+0xa2/0x150 [25469.032797] [] free_percpu_irq+0x30/0x5e [25469.032856] [] kvm_riscv_aia_exit+0x40/0x42 [kvm] [25469.033947] [] módulo_limpieza+0x10/0x32 [kvm] [25469.035300] [] __riscv_sys_delete_module+0x18e/0x1fc [25469.035374] [] controlador_de_llamadas_al_sistema+0x3a/0x46 [25469.035456] [] do_trap_ecall_u+0x72/0x134 [25469.035536] [] handle_exception+0x148/0x156 Invoca aia_exit y otras funciones de limpieza específicas de la arquitectura después de kvm_exit para que deshabilitar tenga la oportunidad de ser llamado primero antes de salir."
    }
  ],
  "lastModified": "2026-06-17T08:52:12.793",
  "configurations": [
    {
      "nodes": [
        {
          "negate": false,
          "cpeMatch": [
            {
              "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
              "vulnerable": true,
              "matchCriteriaId": "2225BBB7-0D2D-4991-BCA1-5AD3C39F7801",
              "versionEndExcluding": "6.13.11",
              "versionStartIncluding": "6.4"
            },
            {
              "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
              "vulnerable": true,
              "matchCriteriaId": "FADAE5D8-4808-442C-B218-77B2CE8780A0",
              "versionEndExcluding": "6.14.2",
              "versionStartIncluding": "6.14"
            }
          ],
          "operator": "OR"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sourceIdentifier": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67"
}