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CVE-2016-4461

Status: ModifiedHigh (8.8)—

Apache Struts 2.x before 2.3.29 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a "%{}" sequence in a tag attribute, aka forced double OGNL evaluation. NOTE: this vulnerability exists because of an incomplete fix for CVE-2016-0785.

CVSS

Exploitation probability (EPSS)

EPSS (Exploit Prediction Scoring System, FIRST) estimates how likely a vulnerability is to be exploited in the wild within 30 days. It complements CVSS (impact) and CISA KEV (confirmed exploitation).

Affected technologies (2)

Apache — StrutsNetapp — Oncommand Balance

CWEs

References

Raw JSON (NVD)

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{
  "id": "CVE-2016-4461",
  "cveTags": [],
  "metrics": {
    "cvssMetricV2": [
      {
        "type": "Primary",
        "source": "nvd@nist.gov",
        "cvssData": {
          "version": "2.0",
          "baseScore": 9,
          "accessVector": "NETWORK",
          "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:C/I:C/A:C",
          "authentication": "SINGLE",
          "integrityImpact": "COMPLETE",
          "accessComplexity": "LOW",
          "availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE",
          "confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE"
        },
        "acInsufInfo": false,
        "impactScore": 10,
        "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
        "obtainAllPrivilege": false,
        "exploitabilityScore": 8,
        "obtainUserPrivilege": false,
        "obtainOtherPrivilege": false,
        "userInteractionRequired": false
      }
    ],
    "cvssMetricV30": [
      {
        "type": "Primary",
        "source": "nvd@nist.gov",
        "cvssData": {
          "scope": "UNCHANGED",
          "version": "3.0",
          "baseScore": 8.8,
          "attackVector": "NETWORK",
          "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
          "vectorString": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
          "integrityImpact": "HIGH",
          "userInteraction": "NONE",
          "attackComplexity": "LOW",
          "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
          "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
          "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH"
        },
        "impactScore": 5.9,
        "exploitabilityScore": 2.8
      }
    ]
  },
  "affected": [
    {
      "source": "secalert@redhat.com",
      "affectedData": [
        {
          "vendor": "n/a",
          "product": "n/a",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "n/a"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "published": "2017-10-16T16:29:00.607",
  "references": [
    {
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/91277",
      "tags": [
        "Third Party Advisory",
        "VDB Entry"
      ],
      "source": "secalert@redhat.com"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20180629-0004/",
      "tags": [
        "Third Party Advisory"
      ],
      "source": "secalert@redhat.com"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://struts.apache.org/docs/s2-036.html",
      "tags": [
        "Mitigation",
        "Vendor Advisory"
      ],
      "source": "secalert@redhat.com"
    },
    {
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/91277",
      "tags": [
        "Third Party Advisory",
        "VDB Entry"
      ],
      "source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20180629-0004/",
      "tags": [
        "Third Party Advisory"
      ],
      "source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://struts.apache.org/docs/s2-036.html",
      "tags": [
        "Mitigation",
        "Vendor Advisory"
      ],
      "source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108"
    }
  ],
  "vulnStatus": "Modified",
  "weaknesses": [
    {
      "type": "Primary",
      "source": "nvd@nist.gov",
      "description": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "CWE-20"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "descriptions": [
    {
      "lang": "en",
      "value": "Apache Struts 2.x before 2.3.29 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a \"%{}\" sequence in a tag attribute, aka forced double OGNL evaluation.  NOTE: this vulnerability exists because of an incomplete fix for CVE-2016-0785."
    },
    {
      "lang": "es",
      "value": "Apache Struts en versiones 2.x anteriores a la 2.3.29 permite que atacantes remotos ejecuten código arbitrario mediante una secuencia \"%{}\" en un atributo de etiqueta. Esto también se conoce como evaluación OGNL doble forzada. NOTA: Esta vulnerabilidad existe debido a una solución incompleta para CVE-2016-0785."
    }
  ],
  "lastModified": "2026-06-17T00:47:36.053",
  "configurations": [
    {
      "nodes": [
        {
          "negate": false,
          "cpeMatch": [
            {
              "criteria": "cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
              "vulnerable": true,
              "matchCriteriaId": "6ACAEB91-DA7D-4919-970A-235B20A5B750",
              "versionEndExcluding": "2.3.29",
              "versionStartIncluding": "2.0.0"
            }
          ],
          "operator": "OR"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "nodes": [
        {
          "negate": false,
          "cpeMatch": [
            {
              "criteria": "cpe:2.3:a:netapp:oncommand_balance:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
              "vulnerable": true,
              "matchCriteriaId": "7DCBCC5D-C396-47A8-ADF4-D3A2C4377FB1"
            }
          ],
          "operator": "OR"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sourceIdentifier": "secalert@redhat.com"
}